Methods: We present a new embodied Semi-Autonomous Mentoring Intelligence (SAMI) avatar used in an immersive virtual reality intervention for the self-management of chronic pain. Special attention needs to be paid to their design to ensure credibility and working alliance, to allow for the optimal delivery of behavior change content. Introduction: Avatars are becoming more common in virtual reality, used as a guide, teacher, companion, or mentor through immersive experiences. Mentor should have animated eyes which move and blink regularly (e.g., when giving task instructions, she should blink 9 times per minute and when introducing herself to a user or when being playful, she should blink approximately 18 times per minute (Takashima et al., 2008)). There should be a unique, positive, and relevant response to each goal that is selected in order to create a feeling of agreement with the user on their goals Working Alliance Bond Convey a positive body language by having open arms, facing towards the user, using animated facial expressions and regular eye contact, nodding and smiling to help create a bond between the user and VR mentor Working Alliance States Include at least 5 main states: serious, playful, neutral, surprised, and empathetic Working Alliance Gender Female is reported as the preferred sex for a mentor, but personalization of male or female would be optimal Uncanny Valley Effect Human-likeness Designed to be moderately like a human Uncanny Valley Effect Emotions All emotions should be conveyed in detail and be congruent throughout the facial expression, (e.g., "surprise", should be conveyed with both movement at the upper and lower parts of the face, such as a dropped jaw, an open mouth with movement in the eyelids to open wide and a raised eyebrows and forehead (Tinwel et al., 2011)). Through these results, guidelines are derived for managing attractiveness of avatar by changing the avatar's blinking rate. The higher blink rates, i.e., 36 blinks/min, give inactive impressions while the lower blink rates, i.e., 9 blinks/min, give intelligent impressions. Blink animation of 18 blinks/min with a human-style avatar produces the friendliest impression. The results also lead to several implications and guidelines for the design of avatar representation. The results showed a significant effect of the avatar's blinking on viewer impressions and it was larger with the human-style avatars than the others. Subjects rated their impressions of the presented stimulus avatars on a seven-point semantic differential scale. The stimulus avatars included humans with generic reality (male and female), cartoon-style humans (male and female), animals, and unidentified life forms that were presented as a 20-second animation with various blink rates: 9, 12, 18, 24 and 36 blinks/min. We focus on the eye blinking rate of avatars and investigate its effect on viewer subjective impressions.
G191: Providing a link, button, or other mechanism that reloads the page without any blinking content, WCAG 2.1 technique.
G187: Using a technology to include blinking content that can be turned off via the user agent, WCAG 2.1 technique.G186: Using a control in the Web page that stops moving, blinking, or auto-updating content, WCAG 2.1 technique.G4: Allowing the content to be paused and restarted from where it was paused, WCAG 2.1 technique.Provide a control for the user to alter the frequency of the update. For content that auto-updates, you can also Consult with UX to design a mechanism that gives users the ability to pause, stop, or hide such content. When videos, music or animations automatically play, it can distract users, especially those with cognitiveĭisabilities. Stop auto-playing content when it receives focus or provide a simple pause mechanism, UX design - Keyboard.Provide an ability to pause, stop, or hide auto-playing content, this section.Avoid starting animations or video automatically, this section.1.4.2 Audio Control, IBM accessibility requirements.
2.2.2 Pause, Stop, Hide, IBM accessibility requirements.G152: Setting animated gif images to stop blinking after n cycles (within 5 seconds), WCAG 2.1 technique.G11: Creating content that blinks for less than 5 seconds, WCAG 2.1 technique.“Moving content” includes videos, animations, carousels, or areas of content that blink, auto-update, or scroll (such as a ticker tape). Any longer will distract those with attention deficit, making it difficult for them to concentrate on other parts of the page. Where a page includes moving content that needs to start automatically, avoid playing it for longer than five seconds (longer than three seconds, if it also contains audio).
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